Prevalence of Malocclusion Among Adolescents and Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Malocclusion also known as misalignment of the teeth or dental arches is common among both adolescents and adults, with prevalence varying by geography, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. Its consequences extend beyond aesthetics to mastication, speech, oral hygiene, and psychosocial wellbeing.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and types of malocclusion among adolescents and adults, to compare prevalence patterns between age groups, and to assess the need for orthodontic treatment.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Amna Inayat Medical College and Faryal Dental College over six months. Participants were recruited by convenience sampling from dental patients and students across all academic years. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire covering self-perceived dental alignment, symptoms, and habits, supplemented by clinical evaluation (Angle classification and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need, IOTN) performed by trained examiners. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise findings; comparisons between age groups and genders were assessed using the chi-square test.

Results: Across 52–62 respondents per survey item, 62.3% reported having ever been diagnosed with a dental issue and 51.6% reported a current dental problem. Self-rated alignment was “good” or “excellent” for 52.5% of respondents, while 33.9% rated it “fair” and 13.6% “poor”. The most frequently noticed bite/alignment issues were gaps between teeth (34.6%) and crooked teeth (23.1%). Reported symptoms included frequent cheek/tongue biting (35.2%) and jaw pain or discomfort (35.2%). Only 29.5% of respondents had received orthodontic treatment. Adolescents showed a higher prevalence of Class II malocclusion and dental crowding, while adults showed a slightly higher prevalence of Class III malocclusion. By the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need, 40.2% of participants had a definite need for treatment, 24.5% a borderline need, and 35.3% little or no need.

Conclusion: Malocclusion is highly prevalent among both adolescents and adults in this sample, with a substantial proportion showing a definite need for orthodontic treatment that has not been met. Early screening in adolescence and improved access to affordable orthodontic care in adulthood are indicated.